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Integrated circuits may be unfamiliar to ordinary people, but in fact, we have many opportunities to deal with them. Computers, televisions, mobile phones, websites, cash machines, etc. are countless. In addition, in many fields such as aerospace, interstellar flight, medical and health, transportation, weaponry and equipment, the application of integrated circuits is almost inseparable. In today's world, it is not too much to say that it is all-pervasive. In today's informationized society, integrated circuits have become the foundation for all walks of life to achieve informatization and intelligence. Whether in military or civilian use, it has played an irreplaceable role.
An integrated circuit is a miniature electronic device or component. A certain process is used to interconnect the transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors and other components and wiring required in a circuit, fabricate on a small or several small semiconductor wafers or dielectric substrates, and then package them in a package , It has become a micro structure with the required circuit functions; all of the components have been structured as a whole, making electronic components a big step towards micro miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence and high reliability. It is represented by the letter "IC" in the circuit. The inventors of integrated circuits are Jack Kilby (germanium-based integrated circuits) and Robert Noyth (silicon-based integrated circuits).
It is a new type of semiconductor device developed in the late 1950s and 1960s. It is through the semiconductor manufacturing processes of oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, epitaxy, and aluminum evaporation, the semiconductor, resistor, capacitor and other components required to form a circuit with a certain function and the connecting wires between them are all integrated into a small piece of silicon On-chip, then solder the electronic devices packaged in a package. Its packaging shell has many forms such as round shell type, flat type or dual in-line type. Integrated circuit technology includes chip manufacturing technology and design technology, mainly embodied in processing equipment, processing technology, packaging and testing, mass production and design innovation capabilities.
We know that there is a driving force behind any invention, and the driving force often comes from problems. So what were the problems before the production of integrated circuits? Let’s take a look at the world’s first electronic computer, which was born in the United States in 1942. It is a behemoth that covers an area of 150 square meters and weighs 30 tons. The circuit inside uses 17,468 tubes, 7,200 resistors, and 10,000 capacitors. 500 thousand lines, power consumption 150 kilowatts. Obviously, large occupied area and inability to move are the most intuitive and prominent problems; if these electronic components and connections can be integrated on a small carrier, how great would it be! We believe that many people have thought about this issue and put forward various ideas.
A typical example is Dammer, a scientist from the British Radar Research Institute. He proposed at a meeting in 1952: The discrete components in the electronic circuit can be concentrated on a semiconductor chip, and a small chip is a complete circuit. As a result, the volume of the electronic circuit can be greatly reduced, and the reliability is greatly improved. This was the idea of the initial integrated circuit. The invention of the transistor made this idea possible. In 1947, the first transistor was manufactured in Bell Labs in the United States. Before that, the current amplification function could only rely on large size and power consumption. Electronic tubes with large power and fragile structure. The transistor has the main function of the electronic tube and overcomes the above-mentioned shortcomings of the electronic tube. Therefore, after the invention of the transistor, the idea of a semiconductor-based integrated circuit soon appeared, and the integrated circuit was invented soon. Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented germanium integrated circuits and silicon integrated circuits during 1958~1959, respectively.
The development of integrated circuits has gone through a long process. The following is a brief description of its development process in chronological order:
In 1906, the first electronic tube was born;
Around 1912, the maturity of the production of electronic tubes triggered the development of radio technology;
Around 1918, semiconductor materials were gradually discovered;
In 1920, discovered the photosensitive characteristics of semiconductor materials;
Around 1932, quantum theory was used to establish energy band theory to study semiconductor phenomena (this is also the conclusion of the integrated size limit that can be achieved by classical technology-7NM);
In 1946, William. The R&D team of Shockley (the founder of Silicon Valley, an outstanding electronic technologist, physicist) successfully developed semiconductor transistors, laying the foundation for IC's large-scale thermal power;
In 1956, silicon mesa transistors came out;
In December 1960, the world's first silicon integrated circuit was successfully manufactured;
In 1966, Bell Labs of the United States used a relatively complete silicon epitaxial planar process to manufacture the first recognized large-scale integrated circuit;
In 1988, 16M DRAM came out, and 35 million transistors were integrated on a silicon chip with a size of 1 square centimeter, which marked a higher stage of entering the ultra-large-scale integrated circuit stage;
In 1997, 300MHz Pentium II came out, using 0.25μm technology, the introduction of Pentium series chips made the development of computers even more powerful, and the speed of development was amazing;
In 2009, the Intel Core i series was newly launched, using a record-breaking 32-nanometer process, and the next-generation 22-nanometer process is under development. The increasing maturity of integrated circuit manufacturing technology and the continuous competition of various integrated circuit manufacturers have enabled integrated circuits to perform their greater functions and better serve the society. As a result, integrated circuits have roughly gone through the following process from production to maturity:
Tube-Transistor-Integrated Circuit-Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit.
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